Individualized Education Program Essay Example for Free

Individualized Education Program EssayAll schoolchilds shake up a right to education and safety at the expense of the school that he/she attends, including bookmans with special need that requires special situation with no additional cost. Having such a diverse learner body, an administrator would need to have an understanding of the legal ramification that is included in disciplining and accommodating special education school-age childs academically.All students have a right to be educated and in education there is a needed to frame cautious that a special educational student can be expelled and/or suspended for being offenders of the school disciplinary code of conduct, like all different students. Also, mental faculty and administration must become aware of the procedures of the IDEA in sort students of special needs. This paper will discuss the disciplining of a special education students and if the disciplinary run taken to discipline a students was appropriated ac cording to the special education laws.Student of special needs has multiple office encounters that surface into referrals due to unacceptable behavior in the instructional tellrooms environment as well as other area of the school. For example, the students of special needs were standing out outside of a classroom. The students and other student was enmeshed in an argument begin to push and shove each other. The one student agreed but the other special needs student by a punch at the other student. A teacher grab the student, however the special needed student continue the con waitation and teacher race him away.Further, at the beginning of the year the special needs student was reassign to the school due to behavior at local school. The student is a proud school student and test data is showing that the student is behind tierce grades levels. The student refuses to completed work and continues to interrupt the learning environments. Added, the students show postgraduate level of frustration toward the instructor when periodically. The student attends class daily without pencil/pen or paper. Student has shown aggressiveness of verbal and physical threats toward other students in the classroom as well as disrespect toward staff.The students has been tested and identified as having an Emotional Behavior Disorder (EBD). The student show little kick upstairs in developing relationships with the dean of students, social worker, and other staff members such as the ESE staff at the school. The student have several august emotional concerns that differ from one incident to the next, and on different levels of how serious of the students disability is, therefore, interrupting the whole educational process. Moreover, the student is showing behaviors of withdrawals and isolation.Students with this disability experience a lot of tribulations when it comes to maintaining any relationships involving their peers or adults. It is possible that many of them will have a medical diagnosis. This particular student is very disruptive in class on a daily basis and has a hard magazine focusing and capturing the content being instructed. The student bring up feels challenged and pushed beyond measure in addressing the students behaviors toward the classroom environments and his education.She empathizes for the child because his father past when he was younger and she have not remarried. She believes that the students are not just having few magnanimous days, along with having a hard time adjusting to the change of not having a father nor sibling to express thought too. The teacher perspective of the situations was as follows the student needs to build skills in areas of respecting other space and cooperation. She believes that overall the special needs student is a great students when desire to be.Added, after learning the student background the teacher believed that student needs counseling to address the students deeper emotions, which are preventin g the student from becoming successful in the classroom. The student assistance seeking has become a great distraction as well as the students action has presented a safety hazard for other students and staff. The administration staff decided to reassign the student (without notifying the parent) to an alternative program.When investigating the incidents in the hallway, the finding showed that that the student is at- risk to himself as well as spouse students and staff members. The suggested program presents an opportunity of preventing him from dropping out of school, providing the student with another option of educational. This reassignment will serving as a disciplinary consequence, which provides the student time to address behavioral remediation. Although, the students feels that this is not the place he want to go.He refuses to agree to the reassignment. Student further express that he will not be going to the school for remediation. Although the school acts in the best int erest of the majority the school was out of compliance because according to the Federal governments No Child Left Behind legislation (NCLB), the school has violated the student right to choose. The No child Left behind Legislation insists that a student is entitled to choose the reassignment school. Further, all parents/guardians must be communicate of the change.Additionally, as part of the compliance with the NCLB legislation, any student who is a victim of a red-faced crime will be offered an opportunity to seek a school choice transfer rather than an alternative program. Because the school did not contact the parents to inform her of these interventions that the Student Support Team suggested. They did not provide the parent the right to be informed of all the information and how they are protected under three significant federal statutes the IDEA, the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 (Essex, 2012).Moreover, the ADA protects individuals whom have one or more physical or moral deficiencies, have a record of such impairments and are regarded as currently having that impairment. The individual must also qualify for the position, or program that is in call into question in order to be protected under the ADA. The Section 504s criteria for protection are identical to those stated under the ADA. All of these laws are sight in place to act and use as a guideline for any student with special education needs. If this issue was to be brought in front of a judge, most likely the ruling would be in favor of the parent and student.HONIG, California Superintendent of Public Instruction v. DOE, et al. (1988). Strong decision in school discipline case on behalf of emotionally disturbed children who had academic and social problems. Court clarified procedural issues designed to protect children from school officials, parent role, and stay put, that schools shall not expel children for behaviors related to th eir handicaps. Doug C. v. Hawaii (9th Cir. 2013) On June 13, 2013, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an important decision about parental participation at IEP meetings.Pete says that All special education staff who conducts IEP meetings should be familiar with this landmark ruling about IEP meetings and parental participation. Another area the school fails to address staff touching students or allowing another student to touch another student could motivate a law type. In the case Pitasky, 1995, a law suit was filling against school personal. In this case if a student inquired injuries, either physical or emotional, that occurs either accidentally or intentionally, from the fight.The school could be accounted for outlawed actions and to deter such actions in the future (Fisher, Schimmel, Kelly, 1995). In closing, all students have a right to education and safety at the expense of the school that he/she attends, including students with special need that requ ires special situation with no additional cost. It is important to maintain collaborative support system between the school, family, and community to ensure a positive outcome to maintain a productive and effective educational environment.In the educational arena are many of special need students in educational programs whom are employed and will be able to function as productive citizens, with the proper services and procedures that are available. Courts have acknowledged that schools cannot plug the safety of all students (Mawdsley, 1993). Schools officials and school personnel, however, may have legal liability when a student is injured either by a deliberate action or negligence by a teacher. References Doug C. v. Hawaii (9th Cir.2013). Retrieved fromttp//www. wrightslaw. com/caselaw. htm Essex, N. (2012). Religion and the Public Schools. In Fossel, M. Holstein, N. (Eds. ), School Law and the Public Schools A Practical Guide for educational Leaders (5th ed. ) HONIG, California Superintendent of Public Instruction v. DOE, et al. (1988). Retrieved from http//www. wrightslaw. com/caselaw. htm Mawdsley RD. Supervisory standard of care for students with disabilities. Wests Educ Law Q. 1993 2421433. Quoted in Yell M (2001).

Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley EssayI dont remember of the commentator feels drab for Victor because if he hadnt have rejected the hellion in the first place he wouldnt have been in that situation. In the era the book was written, heap were beginning to question Gods existence. Should God be the only creator of life? Should the power of science be able to create people? We found fall out the answer to this in Frankenstein. Victor tried to create the daimon using scientific knowledge and succeeded. However, the end result of the monster was horrific. He was lonely, had no friends, and resorted to cleanup spot people.This proves science can not create life and make them fit into the human race. Only God can achieve this and thats the way it should stay. I think the reader sympathizes for the monster because the monster didnt choose to live, Victor did it for him and he only needed somebody to love. I collected the instruments of life around me that I power infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. This quote shows he was searching for something to bring the monster to life, and that it was his decision to do this.At different stages in the story, Victor and the monster are both altruistic and egotistic. To start with, Victor is truly altruistic. Whilst developing the monster he was very focused and in some way addicted to his creation. He became increasingly tired and unhealthy as he wasnt looking after himself properly. Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived. This shows he didnt even realise how he was treating himself, and he was alarmed when he realised. This proves he started off to be very altruistic, thinking of others before himself. At the same time he could be egotistic.He didnt think of the monsters feelings, and just focused on achieving his goal, not thinking of the consequences on that point were to come. Victor claims he was doing it to be useful to my fellow beings. His mother actually sparked the idea and fa me and fortune drove him. So he ended up doing it for himself. The monster starts off to be altruistic as he befriends the family and helps them and generally doesnt focus on just himself. He makes adult suggestions unlike Victor who has stubborn infantile responses. Victor could have offered friendship and love, but does the complete opposite making him extremely egotistic.However as the story continues it all changes dramatically and Victor and the monster almost swap places. Eager to love and to be loved, the creature is not born evil. Society makes the monster become egotistical. As society keeps on rejecting him, he becomes more and more egotistic and doesnt really care what anyone else thinks anymore. The monster wanted what Frankenstein and so many other humans had and took for granted a place to belong. solitariness and isolation motivated the monster to turn to destruction. However, this was through no fault of his own.Victor was the first one to reject him therefore, it s mainly his fault. When this starts to happen, I think the reader feels sorry for the monster, as he had no other choice but to do this, and become egotistic. On the other hand, Victor becomes more altruistic and begins to think of others. When the monster starts to kill people close to him, I think he realises he needs to do something. Victor does decide to make the creature a bride which was very altruistic, but turns against the idea. Elizabeth, Victor Frankensteins foster sister, plays a crucial part of Frankenstein.Since Victors mother died, Elizabeth played the mother role and was adored. Everyone loved Elizabeth. At many points in the story Victor is saved by the love of Elizabeth. On Frankensteins wedding day, his creature, the monster kills Elizabeth. Her beauty and innocence are greatly emphasized which takes away a lot of savvy for the monster. When Frankensteins father knows that she was killed, he dies a few days later. What then became of me? I know not I lost sensa tion, and chains and sin were the only objects that pressed upon me. This shows Victor doesnt want to live anymore and doesnt take any notice of the world around him. He didnt have anything to live for, turn out to get revenge on the monster hed created. How I have lived I hardly know many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon the sandy plain and prayed for termination. But revenge kept me alive. So Victor decides to find the monster and searches for him. He tracks the monster ever northwards into the ice. He then freezes to death and dies, and when the monster finds this out he kills himself.At this point you sympathize for mainly Victor as he never got his revenge but also the monster, as he had such a horrific, lonely life. To conclude there are many different times in which the reader feels antipathy and mainly sympathy for the monster in Frankenstein, which shows he wasnt treated well at all.

The Portrait Of Dorian Grey | Analysis

The Portrait Of Dorian Grey AnalysisDorian is soon to recognize of his deviance from social norms and decides to indulge himself in everlasting pleasure. complete(a) youth, infinite passion, pleasures subtle or secret, wild joys and wilder sins he was to shed all these things (Wilde, knave 106). Seeing as age will not have either toll on his appearance, Dorian is able to pamper himself with pleasures of the flesh perpetually. As Dorian Grays reason grows ugly, the world will never view him as ugly because his characterization will not allow it hence the addition this creates to Dorian Grays Hedonism.Awareness/SoulIt held the secret of his life, and told his story (Wilde, page 92). Dorian, now in addition to Basil, both claim that the depicting of Dorian Gray is a portal and reflection of both of their psyches, and because of this they wish upon no one to have any sort of viewing access to the picture. The mistake Dorian makes with Sibyl is the first sign of the ugliness of his disposition the lad cannot bare to lay eyes on the portrait for it will judge him as a person and he just does not want to view that much of reality.The picture, changed or unchanged, would be to him the visible fable of conscience (Wilde, page 92). Dorian allows his portrait to act as his conscience in view of the item that it tells him if his soul if good or bad, looking at this piece of art works as constant monitor of the should bring goodness and not evil. The decision of returning to his love Sibyl Vane would probably not be made without the paintings reminder of his wrongdoing. He was hasty to do the right thing and return to Sibyl the proposal of marriage regardless of the pain she has brought upon him he had no tolerance for the thought of his soul decaying with ugliness.In Dorians attempt at goodness, he had failed Sibyls death brought death upon possible marriage between the two, and if Dorian played on his wisdom, he would realize the portrait realized this befor e he did. Despite the tragedy of this death, Dorian took this as a blessed opportunity to explore and relax his youth and steady that he has been privileged to. The lad grasps the fact that he can please his wants and remain beautiful regardless the corruption of his soul has a direct cor resemblance coefficient to the ignorance of his conscience. Dorians realization of the fact that old age will affect everyone except him, as well as the reality that the suffering of his soul will not be apparent in his outer appearance rewards him with a sense of blissful delight.BeautyThere is a direct correlation of character and beauty when the two are intertwined to show the changes in the picture The quivering, ardent sunlight showed him the lines of cruelty round the mouth as clearly as if he had been looking into a mirror after he had done some dreadful thing (Wilde, page 91), we see that cruelty and diminishing beauty have been a result of Dorians careless actions. Dorians character and actions are shown in the face of the portrait, hence Wildes reference to the portrait as a mirror. This portrait would be to him the most magical of mirrors. As it had revealed to him his own body, so it would reveal to him his own soul (Wilde, pg. 107).The driving force behind Dorians want to be good is that the conserve of his beauty. A feeling of pain crept over him as he thought of the desecration that was in store for the fair face on the canvas tent (Wilde, page 106). Dorian Gray is very cautious with his choice of words he never stated that he did not want his soul to corrupt, quite be is more concerned with his looks so he states he does not want to be hideous. The biggest fright imposed on this character is that he is terrorise that people will soon see his evil.Applicable ConnectionsTaking an inside look at Freuds psychoanalytic theories containing the id, ego and superego, allow us as the ratifier to better understand and interpret the protagonists three elements of t he psyche.Superego (Conscience)According to Freud, the superego is guided by the sense of right and wrong failure to accordingly directly results in a feeling of remorse or guilt. The superego acts like a communication device to the conscious demote of ones mind, sharing its intentions with the ego. Dorian Grays conscience served as a reminder that from a moral standpoint, his living was bad. Wilde creates an emphasis on bad living and how it correlates negatively with the physical appearance of ones face. It is apparent that Dorian shows constant disregard to the indicators of his conscience. By choosing to ignore them, Dorian Gray flips Freuds concept of the superego by a full 180 degrees. Mr. Grays conscience is indeed present and well, but its customary impulses in relation to the conscious mind have been transmitted to the portrait that Bail painted. This is exactly what permits Dorian to plunge into his corrupt immorality.Id (Unconscious)Although the id acts behinds the scene s of the conscious mind, the influence it carries is just as great. This is the part of the human psyche that stores ones desires and acts on the pleasure seeking principle. The sense of his own beauty came to him like a revelation. He had never felt it before (Wilde, page 27). Dorian Gray recognizes his beauty but it was only through the compliments and flattery of Basil Hallward that he was able to do so. His narcissism led him to the master-puppet alliance with Lord Henry. This hunt for pleasure would never have existed without Lord Henry who is the controlled of Dorian Grays strings. The portrait of Dorian Gray itself takes on all the sins of the protagonist, leaving no reason for him to regard his conscience and therefore resulting in no need for the repression of the unconscious. The pleasure seeking urge is left freely for Dorian to spoil his voluptuary self with.Ego (Consciousness)The ego loves to be in the spotlight of both the superego and the id seeing as the two are co nstantly fighting which intuition should be followed by the ego. The ego is also considered to be an innate knowledge of the state of ones soul. It is evident that Dorians conscious plays a larger than normal role on his mind. It is because of Basils portrait of Dorian that the young lad is able to act upon each and every single notion that travels through his mind. What the worm was to the corpse his sins would be to the painted moving picture on the canvas. They mar its beauty, and eat away its grace. They would defile it, and make it shameful (138). The existence of this portrait calls for no need of a filter when gazing at his soul and eavesdropping on his unconscious. There is no longer a duty of ignorance by Dorians consciousness in terms of his hedonistic id. The only communication Dorians conscience has with his soul is through the painting therefore this does not phase him. The combat between the superego and id over the ego is not presence when it comes to Dorian. Not onl y is Dorian cognizant of the shady and dusty corners of his soul, as well as all parts of his psyche, he seems to also find ecstasy in it all. The need of the consciousness to transport with the conscience is no longer essential since his painting does so for him all that is left for him to do is absorb it as another perk of his life. Due to the fact that the relation between the conscience, the unconscious, and the consciousness is lead astray, Dorian is given all the more reason to treat his soul in the same way as Lord Henry regards him, a manipulative study.

Anti-cataract Activity of Abies Pindrow Luffa Cylindrica

Anti-cataract Activity of Abies Pindrow Luffa CylindricaEvaluation of in-vitro anti-cataract legal action of Abies pindrow Luffa cylindrica A Comparative look atSuchita Dubey, Sudipta Saha, Shubhini A Saraf*Abstract-Context- Cataract is the opacification of crystalline lenses resulting in blurring of vision.oxidative stress is the major cause of many diseases including cataract.Objective- The study was designed to evaluate and comp be the in-vitro anti-cataract activity of aqueous extracts of Abiespindrowleaves ( imitator) and Luffacylindrica fruits (LCE) against henry peroxide induce cataractogenesis, using isolated goat lenses.Materials and Methods-Standardized extracts of APE and LCE were compared for their anti-cataract activity against marketed eye drops. heat content peroxide (0.05M) was used to induce cataract in goat eye lenses. Photographic rating confirmed the clarity of lenses incubated in APE and LCE singly.Result-. stand forGSH Value in normal lenses was put u p to be 2.97650.17g/mg of fresh weight of the lens.In the presence of APE and LCE respectively, a significant restoration of the levels of GSH as compared to the cyanogenetic control was observed. An increase in MDA level was found in the control opposed to the normal lenses (1.570.04 counterspy/g of fresh weight of lens PDiscussion -SOD, GSH, TPC and copper-induced lipoprotein diene formation was found to increase, whereas MDA levels importantly decreased, as the concentration of APE and LCE increased.Conclusion The study exhibit that monotherapy of APE and LCE respectively, has the potential to prevent cataract because of the strong antioxidant potential of each.Keywords- Antioxidant, Cataract, Hydrogen Peroxide, Abies pindrow, Luffa cylindricaIntroduction-Oxidative stress has been the major cause of many diseases including cataract. The free radicals that are produced as the result of daily stress borne by the human body are scavenged by a range of antioxidant enzymes and small molecule antioxidants. Cataract is the opacification of lenses resulting in the blurring of vision. Since quaint times, Indias conventional medicinal knowledge has been extraordinarily useful in treating rarest of the rare diseases. The term cataract describes lenticular opacities that may be congenital or acquired. general diseases (such as galactosemia, diabetes mellitus, Wilson disease atopic dermatitis), drugs (especially corticosteroids), radiation, trauma, and many intraocular disorders are associated with cataract. Traditional medicines have proved to be efficient to an extent in curing cataract. Plants such as Embellica Officinalis (Amla) and those which are rich in gallic acid, digallic acid, ellagic acid, and tannins respectively serve as good anticataract options.1The development of the disease depends on many meanss.The lens Na+- K+-ATPase activity plays an important social occasion in maintaining lens transparency, and its impairment causes accumulation of Na+ a nd loss of K+ with hydration and swelling of the lens fibres leading to cataractogenesis2 . In conjunction, aldose reductase is a lens enzyme probably involved in the development of cataract 3. It acts on the sugars like glucose, galactose, and xylose and converts them into their respective alcohols. These alcohols, also known as polyols accumulate within the lens thereby producing osmotic effects. Since polyols are not capable of either diffusing out easily nor are metabolizes rapidly, they may cause hyper tonicity responsible for the formation of cataract 4.Oxidative mechanism plays an important role in biological phenomena including cataract formation. The formation of superoxide radicals in the aqueous humor and in lens and its derivatization to other potent oxidants may be responsible for initiating confused toxic biochemical reactions leading to the formation of cataract. Catlin is the marketed drug with considerable anticataract activity hence was taken as standard and vario us parameters measured, including total proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) in vitro on goat lenses.Materials and Methods-Plants- Standardized extracts of Abies pindrow leaf and Luffa cylindrica fruit were obtained from Navchetna Kendra, New Delhi (A registered manufacturer, exporter and supplier of herbal products in India) along with the credentials of analysis of both the extracts confirming that extract complies with all the morphological specification of colour, odour, taste along with LOD, Ash value and microbial load (Total Plate Count, barm and mould and E.coli).Drug- Catlin eye drop available in the market were purchased from medical store in Lucknow, UP.Eye Balls-Goat eye balls were used in the present study. They were obtained from the butchery and immediately transferred to laboratory at 0-4 degree Celsius in physiological salt solution containing 1% solution of antibiotic to prevent microbial contamination.Preparation of lens Culture- The lenses were removed by extrac apsular extraction and incubated in artificial aqueous humor (NaCl 140 mM, KCl 5 mM, MgCl2 2 mM, NaHCO3 0.5 mM, NaH (PO4)2 0.5 mM, CaCl2 0.4 mM) at room temperature and pH 7.8 for 72 h. Penicillin 32 mg% and streptomycin 250 mg% were added to the culture media to prevent bacterial contamination 6. H2O2 (0.05M) was used to induce cataract.Preparation of Lens Homogenate-After incubation, lenses were homogenized in 10 volumes of 0.1M potassium inorganic phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 rev for 1 hour and the supernatant was used for estimation of biochemical parameters.Drug Concentration and groups- The standard drug Catlin was taken in the concentration of 1% v/v and the Goats eye lenses were incubated with Abies pindrow extract (APE) (5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 15mg/ml 20mg/ml) andLuffa cylindrica extract (LCE) (5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 15mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 25mg/ml 30mg/ml) concentrations as mono therapy. A total of 65 lenses were divided into 13 groups of n=5. Group 1- PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + lensGroup 2- PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + H2O2(0.05 M) 0.5ml+ lensGroup 3- PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + Catlin (KI-3.3%, NaCl-0.83%, CaCl2-1%w/v) 1mlGroup 4- PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + APE (5%)Group 5-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + APE (10%)Group 6-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + APE (15%)Group 7-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + APE (20%)Group 8-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (5%)Group 9-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (10%)Group 10-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (15%)Group 11-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (20%)Group 12-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (25%)Group 13-PSS + Ab 250 mg (1%) + LCE (30%)Homogenate preparation- After incubation, lenses were homogenized in 10 volumes of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 hour and the supernatant was used for estimation of biochemical parameters.Biochemical estimation- SOD and GSH levels were measured using Ellmans method6. Protein estimation was done by Lowrys method 7. The degree of oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the MDA levels by using TCA-TBA-HCl reagent. 8 (Table-2,3).The mean GSH Value in normal lenses was found to be 2.97650.17 g/mg of fresh weight of the lens (Fig-5) . A significant decrease was observed in presence of in GSH value in presence of hydrogen peroxide in control. In the presence of APE and LCE, there was a significant restoration of the levels of GSH as compared to the toxic control. A significant increase in MDA level was found in the control opposed to the normal lenses (1.570.04mol/g of fresh weight of lens PAPE and LCE significantly defend the test group lenses from lipid peroxidation Hydrogen peroxide treated lenses showed significantly low concentrations of proteins (total and water soluble proteins) in the lens homogenate (PSOD levels as compared to the toxic control were found to be significantly more in normal lens group (1.760.10unit/mg of protein) which was far less than that of the toxic group (0.230.01unit/mg of protein). APE and LCE were found to i ncrease the level of SOD in presence of hydrogen peroxide as well (Fig-4).Result- Photographic evaluation confirmed the headroom of vision when the lenses were incubated in APE and LCE (Figure 6).Photographic Evaluation Scale of opacity-Absence of opacitySlightly opaquePresence of diffuse opacityPresence of extensive thick opacityResults of biochemical parameters are reported as MeanSD. (Table-2,3). Comparisons were made on the basis of one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test was performed between test samples and data was considered to be statistically significant when pDiscussion-Cataract is mostly brought close by age. It is common to older people. Inflammatory reactions to the lens material may develop as a result of the exposure of intact lens mantle by rupture of the lens capsule.In cataractogenesis, the parameters commonly considered are malondialdehyde (MDA) and proteins (total proteins and water soluble proteins).Oxidative stress is the main marker of cataract and is responsib le for its pathogenesis.The study demonstrate that AP and LC are effective against H2O2 induced cataractogenesis in goat eye lens, used as in-vitro model.Significant barroom of cataract was observed during the study. SOD, GSH, TPC and copper induced lipoprotein diene formation was found to increase proportionally with the concentration whereas MDA levels significantly decreased as the concentration increased and reached its saturation level at the concentration 20% and 30% respectively for AP and LC (Table 2, 3).The photographic evaluation based on the opacity scale (Table-1) showed that highest concentrations of both the plants i.e. AP (20%) LC (30%) maintained the vision for 39.5 42 hours respectively.It was also observed that the lens incubated in Hydrogen peroxide swelled imbibed more solution which can be a possible outcome of inflammation while the lenses incubated in plant groups were less swollen-headed which further potentiates the anti-inflammatory activities of both the plants.In conclusion, the study demonstrated that monotherapy of AP and LC had potential to prevent cataract due to their strong antioxidant potential. However, AP in lower concentration was more effective in treating cataract than LC according to results of the photographic evaluation.There is no literature available for anticataract activity of AP and LC. This is the first study which reports that the monotherapy of both the plants can afford significant prevention of cataract.Further studies can be performed with different routes and doses to evaluate the anti-cataract effect of these two drugs as future scope of the work.Conclusion- The herbal extract of both the plants were found to significantly reduce the free radical generation in isolated goat lenses. The extracts can be further developed into a polyherbal formulation or moving-picture show and isolation of phenolics in the extract can prove to be a good herbal remedy for treatment and prevention of cataract because o f potent antioxidant action of plant.Acknowledgement- Suchita Dubey is grateful to University Grant Commission for providing research grant during M.Pharm Project.References-Gupta SK, Kalaiselvan V, Srivastava S, Agrawal SS, Saxena R (2010) Evaluation of anticataract potential of Triphala in selenite-induced cataract In vitro and in vivo studies. J Ayurveda Integr Med 1 6Unakar NJ, Tsui JY. (1983) Inhibition of galactose induced alteration in ocular lens with sorbinil. Exp Eye Res 36 685-694.Guzmn , Guerrero O R (2005) Inhibition of aldose reductase by herbs extracts and natural substances and their role in prevention of cataracts Rev cubana plant med 10 3-4Kinoshita JH, Merola LU, Dikmak E. (1962) The accumulation of dulcitol and water in rabbit lens incubated with galactose. Biochem BiophysActa 62176-178.Harding JJ, Rixon KC. Carbamylation of lens proteins (1980) A possible factor in cataractogenesis in some tropical countries. Exp eye res 31567-571.Ellman GL. (1959) Tissue sulfhy dryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 82 70-77.Lowry OH., Rosenberg NJ., Farr AL., Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biochem. 193 65.Bar-Or D., Rael LT., Lau EP., Rao NK., Thomas GW.,Winkler JV., Yukl RL., Kingston RG. and Curtis CG. (2001) An analog of the human albumin N-terminus (Asp-Ala-His-Lys) prevents formation of copper-induced reactive oxygen species. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284 , 856-862

Patient with Congestive Heart Failure

Patient with Congestive Heart FailurePatient S.V. is a 54 years oldish female. She is a postmenopausal hoexercisingwife and her family bill is not being recorded. She is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol at all. She has no-known drug allergic. The past medical history showed us that lady S.V. is having, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hypertension (HPT) for 10 years and diabetes mellitus (DM) for 7 years. She was admitted to the hospital on a few(prenominal) workweeks ago due to congestive boldness footrace. maam S.V.s drugs history includeT. furosemide40mg odOedema HFT. perindopril4mg odHF HPTT. spironolact unrivaled25mg odHFT. Losec (Omeprazole)20mg bdDuodenal ulcerationP. Calcium wet-nurse1 puff odCalcium supplementT. Rocatriol0.25mg bdVitamin D supplementT. Metformin500mg bdDMT. vitamin M5mg odFolate deficiencyT. Methotrexate20mg/weekRAClinical dataThe ab mean(prenominal) result of FBC may due to folate deficiency that ca apply by side emergence of methotrexate. Bes ides that, persevering was having high up neutrophil number for his differential count which is 8.7 k/L (normal range 1.9-8.7 k/L). This may due to the long-term use of corticorsteroid. Patients total carbon dioxide in the line of work was two times higher than normal range (23-27 Vol%). Prothrombin time and INR of the affected role was low PT =11.1 sec (normal range = 11.9-14.5 sec), INR = 0.82 (normal range 2-4). However, the actor is unknown.DiagnosisECG and chest X-ray were carried out and the results showed that uncomplaining was having sinus tachycardia and cardiomegaly. Cardiovascular system of patient besides had been checked. It found that the patient was having a third plaza sound. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with congestive gist distress (CHF).Clinical progressDAY 1Patient is admitted to the hospital at 10.30am by ambulance. She is weak notwithstanding conscious and alert. The patient complains that she is shortness of breath (SOB) and her sleep has been i nterrupted due to SOB. It discount in like manner be considered as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) which is sudden, horrific SOB at night that awakes a person from sleep, often coughing and wheezing.At the homogeneous time, she in any case experiences from chest discomfort and swelling leg. Besides that, the patient in addition shows the symptoms of cushings syndrome such as moon introduce and hirstuism. The blood pressure (BP) and pulse point (PR) of Madam S.V. atomic number 18 found to be quite high as well, which is 118/87mm/Hg and 146b/min respectively.Test ordered include FBC, RP, LFT, ABG, Coagulation rise, UE, CXR, ECG and random glucose test.Nebulizer is precondition to patient formerly she is admitted. She is also on high flow suppress oxygen 15L/min at the same time to ease the problem of SOB. Salfasalazine 1g bd is added to patient. The management see is to carry out lung function test, continue to on the face mask for oxygen supply, revise all test resul ts, restrict unruffled and continue with old medications.DAY 2Patient still complain of negligible SOB and minimal chest pain. Another new complain, headache, has been recorded. Her BP and PR baffle been slowly decreased but they ar still not within the normal range.T. bisoprolol 2.5mg od is added for a better control of HPT and HF. Management plan include restrict unsound DAY 3Patient is no longer kick for anything. She has no chest pain and SOB any much. Her PR has back to normal range. However her BP is still slightly higher than normal range. Management plan is same as day 2. Sulphasalazine since the condition of RA is im turn out.DAY 4Patient is feeling well, comfortable and tolerating orally. Her BP and PR atomic number 18 within the normal range. The management plan is to perform a CRX report, patient hindquarters be discharged if normal result is obtained and continue old medications.Pharmaceutical c are issues at that place are few things need to be taken care of in this case. Firstly, the patient is having the problem of nausea and vomiting and no action is taken to solve this problem. Antiemetic drug (H1 receptor antagonist, cyclizine D2 receptor antagonist, halopiridol) should be given. At the same time, underlying cause of nausea and vomiting has to be identified if possible. This may caused by side effect of perindopril.Secondly, patient is having cushings syndrome due to long-term usage of steroids for her rheumatoid arthritis. However, there is no any record about the steroids intake for patient in clinical notes. Hence, we retain to ask GP or patient to make sure that whether she has stopped taking steroids or still continue with it. According to CSM, long-term corti constituteeroids therapy should be withdrew gradually. blustering discontinuation of corticosteroids therapy may cause severe symptoms because normal production of steroids by the body has been affected. The dosage may be reduced rapidly down to physiologic panelings (prednisolone 7.5mg daily). Then, the progress of dose reducing can be slowed down. The patient is hirudism which is one of the symptoms of cushings syndrome. This problem can be overcome by local measures such as shaving, or depilation such as using wax or cream (eg eflornithine).The dose of T.folate for patient which is 5mg once daily is indicated for word of megaloblastic anemia. However, the FBC test result does not show any symptoms of megaloblastic anemia. The dose of T.folate should be 5mg once daily if it is indicated for folate deficiency induced by mehtotrexate. Blood submit should be carried out to make sure that whether the patient is having megaloblastic anemia or not. FBC, serum folate and serum B12 are reliable indicator of folate status. Real indication of T.folate has to be clarified with doctor before dispense the drug.Oedema problem never been improved since the day patient been admitted into the hospital. Restrict fluid intake and strict I/O charting is carried out. However, patient is not compliance to it. Some simple self-care techniques can be taught to patient to reduce the build up of fluid. Counsel the patient about the importance of following Strict I/O chart. Dose of furosemide can be increased if oedema doesnt improve.The blood pressure of patient is still not stable yet. Patient has to be counseled to improve her diet and lifestyle. It is also essential to monitor BP of patient regularly. Increasing dose of -blocker can be considered if BP is not reducing. However, due to its negative inotropic effect, -blocker should be started in very low dose and increase gradually.Lastly, upon discharge, ensure all appropriate medications are prescribed and patient is counseled appropriately. We have to tell patient that Perindopril is added in and ensure patients compliance with medication. Patient should be told to avoid alcohol and cranberry juice and consult GP if anything goes wrong.Disease overviewIncidenceHeart misadventure (HF) affe cts 0.3-2% of general population. In 2001, officially there are 11500 deaths are recorded in the UK due to HF. The incidence identify increase by double each decade from age 45. It affects 3-5% of those over 65 years and 8-16% of those over 75 years. The Rotterdam study shows that prevalence is higher in men compared to women.PathophysiologyHeart failure can be defined as inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the bodys needs. HF can result from any disorder that reduces ventricular filling (diastolic dysfunction) and myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction). The leading causes of HF are coronary artery disease and HPT. As cardiac function decreases after myocardiac injury, the heart relies on few compensatory mechanisms. Although those compensatory mechanisms can initially manage the cardiac function, they are responsible for HF symptoms and contribute to disease proficiency. An initiating typesetters case such as acute MI can cause the HF state becomes a systemic disease whose progression is largely mediated by neurohormones and autocrine/paracrine factors such as agiotensin II, norepinephrine, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides, and so on. Some drugs may exacerbate HF due to their inotropic, cardiotoxic and sodium-/water- retention properties.DiagnosisA complete history, physical test and appropriate lab testing are essential in initial evaluation of patients suspected from having HF. The signs and symptoms are the key for early sleuthing. Breathlessness, angina, fatigue and wheeze are common signs and symptoms. Patient complains that she is having SOB and PND.Electrocardiogram (ECG) and B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP) are essential tests for every patient with suspected HF. ECG is carried out once the patient is admitted into the hospital. Madam S.V. was observe to have sinus tachycardia by ECG which is one for the common ECG abnormalities in HF. Others common ECG abnormalities include sinus bradycardia, atrial fibri llation, ventricular arrhythmias and so on. Plasma BNP is not measured in this case.Chest X-ray (CXR) is also an essential component of diagnostic work-out in HF. It is very useful for detection of cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and pleural fluid accumulation. It also demonstrates the presence of any pulmonary disease or infection that will lead to dyspnoea. Via CXR, patient is detected from having cardiomegaly which is also one of the abnormalities for HF.Echocardiography (ECHO) should be performed shortly if one or both ECG and BNP get an abnormal result. ECHO is widely available and off the hook(predicate) and provides essential information on aetiology of HF. However, ECHO is not carried out in this case. Some other tests such as FBC, RP, LFT, ABG, UE and random glucose test have been carried out to exclude others possible conditions.Pharmacology basis of drug therapyDiureticsThe most important function of diuretic drug drug is to act by decreasing Na+ reabsorption. Diureti c drugs can inhibit Na+ reabsorption by actions on different transport mechanism, which are located at different sites in nephron. all diuretics are acting on the luminal surface of the nephron. They are protein bound in blood and reach the tubular fluid by secretion into proximal convoluted tubule utilizing the organic acid transport mechanism. They are mostly used to control symptoms of breathlessness and fluid retention. However, they do not alter disease progression or prolong survival. Thus they are not considered mandatory therapy for patients without fluid retention.Loop diuretics for example furosemide is most widely used if compared to other thiazide. It produces diuresis with NaCl loss. It also has vasodilator action which is partly mediated via prostaglandin. This will increase blood flow in the medulla and hence contributes to their natriuretic effect. Unlike thiazides, loop diuretics maintain their effectiveness in the presence of impaired renal function, although high er doses may be necessary. Thizide diuretics are relatively weak diuretics and used alone infrequently in HF. However, thiazide like metolazone can be used in the combination with loop diuretic to promote effective diuresis.angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)ACE is binding to the plasma membrane and can also exist as a soluble enzyme. The ACEIs act by substrate competition by binding in the Leu-His binding pocket on ACE. Thus, action of angiotensin-I is inhibited. They also decrease the concentration of angiotensin II and aldosterone and attenuating many of their deleterious effects, including reducing ventricular remodelling, myocardial fibrosis, vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention. In addition, they also very helpful in reducing blood pressure due to arterial vasodilation. However, they will inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin which contributes to strong hypotensive action and cough.There are currently 11 ACEIs available for clinical use with similar struc ture and properties, including captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and others. ACEIs are indicated in all grades I to IV of heart failure which stated in NYHA. Potassium sparing diuretics should be stopped before starting ACEI. ACEIs may increase the risk of renal failure in patient with high dose diuretics, elderly, those with existing renal dysfunction and patients with grade IV HF. Hence regular renal function monitoring is required once patient has stabilized on drug.-blockers-blockers can be either selective for 1-adrenoceptor which is cardioselective such as atenolol, bisoprolol and metoprolol or non-selective which can act on both 1-and 2-adrenocepors such as propranolol and timolol. Blockade of 1-receptors will decrease rate and force of contraction of heart. Meanwhile, 2-adrnoceptor blockade inhibits adrenaline-induced vasodilatation mediated by these receptors. Via these mechanisms, heart rate and cardiac widening can be reduced. Beneficial effects of -blockers may result fr om antiarrhythmic effects, slowing ventricular remodelling, decrease myocyte death, improving LV systolic function, decreasing heart rate, and ventricular wall stress.The use of -blockers is not suitable for patients who have unstable HF. Patients should receive a -blocker even if symptoms are mild or well controlled with ACEI and diuretic therapy. Because of negative inotropic effects of -blockers, they should be started in very low doses with slow upward dose titration to avoid any symptomatic worsening. -blockers may worsen HF in the short term, but if use with caution they may be very useful in preventing long-term deterioration.Aldosterone antagonistsAldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone also can be called as potassium sparing diuretics. They act on aldosterone-sensitive portion of nephron (last part of distal convoluted tubule and first part of accumulate tubule. They block the mineralcorticoid receptor and inhibit Na+ reabsoption and K+ excretion.Spir onolactone can be added to ACEI, diuretic and digoxin to improve morbidity and mortality in patient with severe HF. Eplerenone is more specific compared to spirinolactone as inhibitor of aldosterone receptors and has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patient with left ventricular dysfunction post-MI. However, the diuretic effects of aldosterone antagonists are minimal. Combination of aldosterone antagonist with thiazide or loop diuretics will potentiate the effect of thiazide or loop diuretics. This is a more effective alternative compared to potassium supplement.Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and DigoxinARBs may be used as an alternative to ACEIs (eg losartan) when patient is intolerant to ACEIs or may be used as supplement therapy (eg valsartan and cadesartan) in patient who remains symptomatic despite the dose of ACE and -blockers have been optimised. However, ARB is not given to the patient since she is well tolerated to ACEIs.Digoxin is one of the main drug s for HF treatment. However, digoxin is not recommended in this case. Digoxin can simply been given if patients HF is worsening or patient is having atrial fibrillation at the same time. Hence, it is reasonable to exclude digoxin from treatment in this case.Evidence for treatment of the conditionsDiureticsDiuretic is a very important drug for heart failure treatment especially for symptoms of fluid retention. A meta-analysis which includes 18 randomised controlled trials (RCT), n=982, had been carried out to study the role of diuretics (loop diuretics and thiazides) in patient with congestive heart failure (CHF). 8 trials were placebo-controlled and another 10 were comparison between diuretics and other drugs such as ACEIs, digoxin and ibopamine. The results had shown that diuretics reduce the risk of deterioration of disease and mortality compared to placebo group. When compared to vigorous controls, diuretics also showed significant improvement in patients process capacity. The beneficial effects of diuretics are further supported by Cochrane database which also indicated that diuretics cause significant lessening rate and improvement in patients morbidity.Another study also proved that the withdrawal of furosemide will cause increase in volume reduce and right ventricular pressure. There will lead to deterioration of CHF which include impaired quality of life, weight gain and walking distance reduced. Higher dose of furosemide will have more desirable effects such as increasing general well-being and reducing symptoms of disease. However, the inappropriate high dose of furosemide will lead to hypotension. The risk of hypotension will be increased if patient on ACEIs or vasodilators at the same time with diuretics. According to puritanical guidelines, low dose should be prescribed for the initiation of therapy and titrated up according to patients condition.Furosemide is the most commonly used loop diuretic. However, some patients are more responsive t o other loop diuretic such as torasemide. This may due to its longer duration of action and high absorption. Some pharmacoeconomic analyses also proved that torsemide reduces hospitalization for patient with CHF. Hence, boilersuit treatment costs are reduced although torasemide is more expensive than furosemide. Patients that treated with torasemide have improved their quality of life. The data also suggest torasemide to be used as first-line treatment for patients with CHF and for those who are not response to furosemide.Besides that, according to a double-blind study, n= 1663, additional of aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone with furosemide had significantly reduced mortality and morbidity rate of patients with severe HF Hence from the evidences above, we can conclude that furosemide 40mg od is rationale to be given to patient to treat the symptoms of her CHF.Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)The patient is taking perindopril 4mg od for her HF. A clinical trial has been carried out to compare the effectiveness between ACEIs and placebo in patients with symptomatic CHF. The overall results showed the significant reduction in total rate of mortality and risk hospitalisation.The benefits of ACEIs are further supported by five long-term randomised trials which had recruited 12763 patients with heart failure or left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) to compare the effectiveness between ACEIs and placebo. Results showed that mortality rate has been reduced by 23%, readmission rate of heart failure reduced by 35% and re-infarction rate had been reduced by 26% for the patients who assessed ACEIs compared to placebo group. The benefits of ACEIs were observed at the beginning of therapy and it persisted long term.In SOLVD investigation, n=4228, ACEIs (enalapril) reduced the rate of hospitalisations and also incidence of heart failure in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions compared to placebo group. Some randomised control led trials proved that ACEIs also improve the proceeding capacity and quality of life in majority of the patients. Not all the patients with heart failure due to left-ventricular systolic dysfunction experienced the improvement of exercise capacity. However, ACEIs alone is not enough for the treatment of heart failure with pulmonary oedema. Diuretic is needed to maintain sodium balance and prevent any fluid retention. ACEIs are more often to be prescribed compared to vasodilators and angiotensin receptor blockers due to more evidence supports.ACEIs will cause hyperkalaemia, cough and deterioration of renal function. Hence, renal function and serum potassium level need to be checked before the treatment is initiated. The SOLVD data, a randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled trial with 3379 patients, proved that enalapril caused 33% increased in deterioration of renal function compared to control group (P = 0.03). There is another study (n=191) showed that 44% of patients tak ing ACEIs suffered from persistent cough compared to controls which is only 11.1% (PThe studies above showed that ACEIs are rationale to be used as first-line treatment HF.-blockers-blockers should be included in the treatment of HF even though the patient is already well controlled by diuretics and ACEIs. The European Journal of Heart Failure suggested that -blockers should be prescribed to all patients with stable HF and when left-ventricular ejection fraction 40%. A lot of meta-analyses showed that -blockers play a role in increasing life expectancy in patients with HF due to LVSD.In a meta-analysis which includes 21 trials (n= 5894), -blockers showed a significantly reduction of overall and cardiovascular mortality by 34-39%in patients with severe HF. Another meta-analysis of 16 clinical studies also showed the reduction of 24% for patients who were taking -blockers for their HF treatment rather than placebo. An interesting meta-analysis had been carried out to test the efficac y of -blockers in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and CHF. The result of this meta-analysis showed that -blockers had reduced the mortality rate of patient with DM and CHF. However, the reduction was not significant (P=0.11) compared to CHF patients without DM.Most of the survival benefits for patient with NYHA class II and III are well documented. There is a meta-analysis had proven that -blockers are having the same improvement of survival rate among the patients with severe HF compared to patients with NYHA class II and III. However, further studies need to be carried out to evaluate overall benefits versus risks of treatment in NYHA class IV. There are three main studies, n9000, had been carried out to compare the efficacy between -blockers (bisoprolol, metoprolol succinate CR, carvedilol) and placebo. Almost 90% of patients call for in there three randomised trials were on ACEIs or ARB. Most of them also took diuretics and digoxin. All trials showed the improvement of mortality rate (RRR= 34%), risk of hospitalisation (RRR= 28-36%) and self-reported well being. So far, there are no significant differences between selective and non-selective -blockers and those with or without vasodilating properties.In one randomised controlled trial (COMET), n=3029, carvedilol was used to compared with the efficacy and clinical outcome of metoprolol tartate. The result has shown that carvedilol reduced the mortality rate significantly among the patients compared to short-acting metoprolol tartate (P=0.0017). However, there is no any clinical trial about comparison between carvedilol and long-acting metoprolol succinate. There is little economic evidence can be found for -blockers. NICE guidelines suggested that -blockers are cost effective due to reduction of hospitalisation rate.Bisoprolol 2.5mg od had been added to the patient on second day since patient was admitted. The evidences above do support that the usage of -blocker should be included in patient with HF.Aldosterone antagonistsSpironolactone is the most common aldosterone antagonist used in treatment of HF. In a double-blind study (RALES), 1663 patients with severe HF (NYHA class III and IV), left ventricular ejection fraction 35% and being treated with diuretics, ACEIs or digoxin were recruited to test the effectiveness of spironolactone on their morbidity and mortality. The result showed 30% reduction in mortality rate and 35% reduction of frequency of hospitalisation compared to placebo group. Addition of spironolactone to ACEIs, diuretics or digoxin had reduced the mortality rate in patients with severe HF. Additional of spironolactone may lead to hyperkalaemia. However the problem of hyperkalaemia can be solved by closing monitoring the potassium level of patients. Another study also showed that spironolactone reduced 30% mortality rate in patients with HF when it has been added to -blockers and digoxin.A selective aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone, has fewer side effects compared to spironolactone. A randomised controlled trial (EPHESUS), n=6633, proved that morbidity and mortality rate among patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction had been reduced with the addition of eplerenone compared to placebo group. There is no relevant economic evidence of aldosterone antagonist. Eplerenone is mostly used when patients cannot tolerate with spironolactone.Hence, spironolactone 25mg od is appropriate to used as adjunct to diuretics, ACEIs or maybe -blockers for patient in this case. Since the patient does not suffer any side-effects from spironolactone, it is not necessary to change to eplerenone.ConclusionAs a conclusion, patients CHF has been appropriately treated by following the guidelines and also supported by numerous of clinical studies. From the clinical process, we can see that the condition of patient was gradually improved day by day. A -blocker, bisoprolol was added in the second day in order to achieve a bette r control of patients HF and also HPT. According to guidelines, the dose of bisoprolol should be initiated with 1.25mg, not 2.5mg. The potassium levels need to be monitored regularly due to the concomitant use of perindopril and spironolactone which may cause hyperkalaemia. ARB and digoxin are not prescribed to the patient because she is well tolerated with ACEIs and she does not have AF. Other treatment for HF such as vasodilators (hydrazine and ISDN) will only be considered when all of the treatment options above have failed to this patient. Non pharmacological treatment such as life-style modification, salubrious diet, restrict fluid intake and salt intake also play a very important in controlling patients HF and HPT for long-term.

And Then There Were None :: essays research papers

And Then There Were noneI did my book critique on And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie. Agatha Christie was born on September 5, 1890, in Torquay England. In 1914 she married Colonel Archibald Christie. They had one daughter, whose name was Rosalind, and then they divorced in 1928. She started writing in 1920, and her low book published was The Mysterious Affair at Styles. She wrote And Then There Were None in 1939. Agatha Christie has become one of the most famous writer of closed book novels. And Then There Were None is a murder mystery type book.And Then There Were None takes place on an island in the middle of the ocean, yet it doesnt say the years it takes place in.In And Then There Were None, eight people who do not know from individually one other were all invited to an island off of the English coast. The eight people are Vera Claythorne, Philip Lombard, William Blore, Dr. Armstrong, Emily Brent, General Macarthur, Tony Marston, and Judge Wargrave. They all thin k they are going to the island for different reasons. When they arrive at the island they are greeted by Mr. and Mrs. Rogers, but the host is Mr. Owens (but he isnt there). After they eat dinner they go into a different room and a recorded voice accuses each of them committing a murder that was never uncovered. Later that night Tony Martson dies from poisoned whiskey. The next morning Mrs. Rogers died in her sleep. That day General Macarthur goes out to the ocean and is killed there. After General Macarthur dies each of the guests think that the killer is one of each of them. The next day, Mr. Rogers is killed while chopping wood while preparing for breakfast. On the dining room table there were ten Indian figures, but after a person is killed one disappears each time. After breakfast Emily Brent is killed because someone injected poison into her neck. Later Judge Wargrave was found with a shot in his head. The next day when Blore is walking back to the house someone pushes a statue out of the second story, and it lands on Blore, killing him. When Vera and Lombard go look for Blore, they find Armstrongs drowned body on the beach. Since only Vera and Lombard are left, Vera thinks Lombard is the killer, and takes his gun and shoots him.

Internet accessibility for people with disabilities :: Essays Papers

Internet accessibility for people with disabilities The Internet has quickly break down one of the most beneficial tools in use today. With the click of a button, you apprize find information on practically anything. In fact, Internet use is so widely utilize, that it is no longer an eminent skill, but is an ability that is presently expected of people. Unfortunately, due to a number of reasons, not everyone can take benefit of this useful tool. With over a half-a-billion disabled people in the world, there should be steps taken to make the Internet more disabled-friendly, which indeed there is. By taking advantage of adaptive technologies, using proper etiquette when sending email, and designing web pages with the disabled in mind, the Internet will soon become useful to more people than would otherwise be the case. One of the major advances in helping the disabled is the use of adaptive technology. Adaptive technology can be described as any hardware or software used t o provide alternative methods of input and output. There are two transparent forms of disabled-friendly input devices on a computer, pointing devices and voice apprehension. Pointing devices do the same parentage as a mouse move the pointer to a certain location on the sort out. This equipment comes in different forms, trackballs, oral fixtures, and eye-coordinated input devices are all examples of special pointing devices. The other form of an input device was voice recognition. This form does the job of the keyboard. The user talks into a microphone, and his speech is translated into text by the sound card. Though voice recognition has been around for a couple of years, it is just now getting to the point where a user doesnt have to pause between words. Companies such as Dragon Systems, IBM, and Lernout & Hauspic, are the leaders of voice recognition software. However, changing the output of a computer for disabilities is much more common than changing the input. The most common way of changing the output is by screen magnifiers, screen readers, and Braille displays. A screen magnifier is a program that follows the mouse pointer and magnifies that area. This is idea for people with limited or damaged vision. The software used to magnify will do so from about 1.5 to 20 times, depending on which program it is. Products such as MAGic, ZoomText, and InLarge are very popular right now, besides Microsoft includes screen magnification in versions of Windows 98 and beyond.