How to Write a Resume that Beats the Computers

How to Write a Resume that Beats the Computers Your Resume:   Humans vs. Computers When I give webinars on writing resumes, one of the topics I cover is how to make your resume visually appealing.   I often get this question: Why would I want to spend so much time and money making my resume pretty if it’s just going to confuse the computers? My answer is that yes, the computers are important, and that you ALSO need to have a resume that’s designed to be read by human beings.   We all know that you are most likely to find your job through networking or the “hidden job market.” When you send materials to someone in your network or to a decision-maker in the hidden job market, you want to include a professional-looking resume.   And when it’s time for an interview, it’s also advisable to have a nicely formatted resume to hand across the table. For those of you who are hoping to get those interviews by applying online, the question still remains: How can I write a resume that makes it past the computers?   In other words:   How can I raise my odds above 2%? Keep reading. There are two issues with submitting online resumes.   One is the format of the resume; the second is the keywords it contains. Formatting for Robots: ATS (Applicant Tracking System) software is not the smartest software in the world.   It gets confused by bullets, non-traditional headings, graphs, tables, and text boxes.   So you need to have a version of your resume that is stripped down and organized just for the computers. We call this your “text-based” resume. Your text-based resume should follow these guidelines: Create it in (or copy it into) a text editor such as Notepad, SimpleText or TextEdit. Use easily understandable headings like “Summary of Qualifications,” “Professional Experience” and “Education.” Don’t get fancy or creative with your headings, and don’t put two categories together in one section.   Do NOT, for instance, use the heading “Education Certifications” or “Skills Interests.” Use dashes or asterisks instead of bullets. List your address in standard “tombstone” style, one line on top of the next. Put spaces between sections. Here’s what your text-based resume might look like (beautiful, isnt it?): How will you know what keywords to use in your resume? Just because the computers can read your resume doesn’t mean you will have the right keywords to make it past their screening systems. Perhaps counter-intuitively, the keywords that truly make a difference with computer scanners are the ones you have on your resume that not everyone else includes. I have no doubt that you have great experience that qualifies you for many positions. If the computer can understand and rank it properly, it will help you immensely.

Global Health Hiv / Aids Epidemic - 1518 Words

The existing literature on Global Health suggests that amid the spread of globalization, improvements in human health have been made over the last fifty years, but the disappearance of transnational borders has also created health risks at the international level. Research on the topic of global health indicates that real world occurrences have provoked the perceived need for cooperation in the international health sector (Skolnik 2012, pg. 336-342). Disease are not confined by state boundaries and this has led to several health issues that paradigmatically shifted international health into global health. One of the most noted events that brought attention to global health includes the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This pandemic illustrates one of the most significant challenges facing global health today-- the spread of infectious diseases caused by global factors. The movement of goods and services, and the growth of international trade have increased human mobility, thus mobilizing disease a nd infections as well. Current research analyzes how international trade, economic development, cultural exchanges, and human movement and travel have contributed to the prevention and control of infectious disease such as HIV, malaria, SARS, etc. (Knobler, Mahmoud 2006). The disparities between public health in developed and undeveloped nations has not been explored fully in the discipline of Global Health. By exploring historical trends of global health, this paper will attempt to theorize howShow MoreRelatedIncreasing Number Of Infections Among Women1728 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasingly large proportion of new infections. The issue of HIV and AIDS should be seen in the larger context of promoting the welfare of children. Rather than just developing HIV and AIDS specific strategies, the different governments, development agencies and civil society must collaborate to develop and implement HIV and AIDS sensitive strategies that will make a difference globally. WHO currently assists Indonesia and the rest of the global community to reduce the percentage of mother-to-child transmissionRead MoreThe Issue Of Aids And Hiv1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Issue of AIDS and HIV Zoya Siddiqui In today’s world, it often seems like there are more issues to tackle than people have the capacity to handle. There is the global warming, poverty, hunger, wars, political conflicts, refugee conflicts, etcetera. Though all of these can seem daunting and hard to combat, none of them can be accomplished if the world’s population is not healthy. If people do not have the physical strength to think of new and innovative ways to take on these issues, then no progressRead MoreArticle 567 Of The 2009 Burundian Penal Code1450 Words   |  6 Pagesnew law has amplified the challenges of preventing HIV/AIDS within this community, which in turn negatively affects the overall efforts for global eradication of HIV. Reports of AIDS in Burundi first surfaced in 1983. At the time, same-sex behavior was not considered a criminal act. In fact, Burundi does not always have a history of homophobia - especially compared to the discrimination faced in its neighboring countries. Today in Burundi, HIV is one of the major causes of fatality. In 2015, aboutRead MoreUsing Public Health Surveillance Systems For Track Health Conditions1159 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Health Surveillance Systems to Track Health Conditions Selected Health condition: HIV/AIDS in Zambia Introduction â€Å"It is now over twenty five years since the HIV and AIDS epidemic emerged in Zambia, and the Government of Zambia declared the epidemic a national emergency† (nac.org.zm, 2016). A number of programs aiming at controlling the epidemic, stopping new infections and improving the quality of those already infected has been put in place and has shown good results. However, HIV remainRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Also Known As Hiv, Continuous1519 Words   |  7 Pagesimmunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV, continuous to be an epidemic crisis. HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated.Unlike other viruses once HIV is acquired the human body can not get rid of it. Sub Saharan Africa is currently the most affected region for HIV/AIDS, Men in the region seem to be the most affected. There is currently no cure for HIV, however there is possible treatment, as well as ways one can prevent developing the virus. HIV/AIDS continous to claim livesRead MoreAids : Hiv / Aids Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Kennedy United States HIV/AIDS Part 1: Background of Topic: What became later known as aids was detected in West Africa when scientists identified a species of chimpanzees that had a version of this virus in their immune system. They later found out that the disease was transmitted to humans and created into HIV when people hunted these animals for food and came in contact with their infected blood. Decade after decade this illness swooped over Africa like a blanket and began to spread toRead MoreHiv / Aids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome775 Words   |  4 PagesHIV/AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease, the scope and depth having no boundaries, permeating into many areas of the world, oblivious to social class, lifestyle, or culture. Initially reported in 1981, HIV/ AIDS rapidly spread and by 1987, 100 countries conveyed the presence of HIV/AIDS. (Maurer Smith, 2009). â€Å"By 2001, it was the leading infectious cause of death in the world, killing almost 3 million peop le, and by 2002, approximately 5 million people wereRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids Essay791 Words   |  4 Pages 1.INTRODUCTION There is a global trend that HIV/AIDS has prevailed the globe. According to the UNAIDS, at the end of the year 2015 there were approximately 36.7 million people around the world infected with HIV/AIDS including the estimated 2.1 million individuals worldwide who were newly infected in that year. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that a limit of 54% of HIV/AIDS individuals know that they’re infected. It also indicates that two thirds of the reported caseRead MoreDva 15011489 Words   |  6 Pages1501 Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population. AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. As the HIV prevalence of a country rises, the strain placedRead MoreThe Effects of HIV Related Stigma 790 Words   |  3 PagesFor nearly three decades, the world has struggled to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The fact is that poor understanding of the related issues of stigma, discrimination and denial has hampered national and international programs. (3,4,5) HIV/AIDS is not merely a medical problem, but a social problem as well (1). Stigma and discrimination are as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself. (2) HIV-related stigma and discrimination can be described as a devaluating process of PLWHA where

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Foods - 1332 Words

Genetically Modified Foods In the past few decades, a rise in the need for a cheaper food source has arisen. The world’s population was at six billion at the beginning of the 1990s, and it has increased rapidly. Not only that, but in just the United States, various studies have shown an increase to the population of the lower income level ranges. Genetic engineering of plants and animals has provided a solution to offering cheaper food sources, reducing such problems. Livestock could be given growth hormones to grow faster or to be heavier and nutrients could be added to produce. Yet, before everyone runs out to the store to buy these foods, an examination of what these foods can potentially do to a person’s health needs to be conducted. Not only must such an examination occur, but a study of the genetic integrity of various modified plants and animals to determine how they have been compromised by gene splicing must be undertaken. Also, people must scrutinize tests con ducted by various companies which have presented results that do not follow logically from their experiments to their conclusions, particularly when such tests were conducted by the very companies profiting from GMOs. After considering such factors, people may be able to make educated decisions about GMOs and how these new organisms affect their health and the DNA of the natural world. As a result of careful planning, various foods in the United States have been created to have long shelf lives, but they mayShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1354 Words   |  6 PagesGMO’s Genetically Modified Foods is a new contervserasonal topic on the health on agricultural of the world. It is heavily debated for the reason that it can be seen as a health risk or a major advancement in Agriculture. One on hand, it can be used to increase production, as well has have foods that could be altered to be pest-resistant and greater nutritional values (WHAT ARE THEY). While on the other hand, many consider ‘Safety testing of whole foods is difficult. Generally assessment of ‘safety/toxicity’Read MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food967 Words   |  4 PagesA genetically modified food is food that was made using organisms that were genetically modified as well. What the engineers do is take certain traits that they like from each crop and transfer them to another to get their desired food. There is a company called Arctic Apples which uses biotechnology to identify certain genes that, when mixed with polyphenolics, turns the apples brown. When they identify it, they remove the genes that cause it and the apples don’t go brown. This is one of many geneticallyRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods905 Words   |  4 Pagesthree decades since the discovery of genetically modified foods (foods formed by organisms that have gone through altering DNA using the procedures of genetic engineering.) In the year 1983, the original genetically modified herb was manufactured with antibiotic-resistant tobacco. A near decade after, the FDA (food and drug administration) had finally approved to put a genetically modified tomato on the market. Countless organizations are proclaiming the benefits of GMO’s, whereas, other believe it’sRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food1330 Words   |  6 Pages Everyone has heard of genetically modified food. They have become so prominent in the United States and fill up a majority of our supermarkets. There has been controversy over the past few years on whether gen etically modifying animals and crops is ethical and safe. But what a majority of Americans lack is knowledge of genetic engineering (GE). Many Americans hear the term genetically modified organism (GMO) and think it sounds scary or bad. They decide to be against the techniques of GE beforeRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1647 Words   |  7 Pages What foods are genetically modified? Well, most food that â€Å"contains sugar from sugar beets, soy, or corn,† is genetically modified (Mercola, 2015, p. 4). Most people consume genetically modified, or GM, foods every day without even being aware. While some do avidly monitor their food consumption and avoid GM foods, others simply eat GM foods because, to them, GM foods seem safe to consume. In â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods Are Not Safe to Eat,† osteopath, Joseph Mercola, advocates his concerns of consumingRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods938 Words   |  4 Pages Have you ever thought of what would happen to everyone on Earth if Genetically Modified Foods were allowed? According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified Foods or Genetically modified Organisms are organisms where the genetic material has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination(World Health Organization). Genetically Modified Foods are foods that are altered to give more portions and cause people to earn more money. They alsoRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pageseats only fresh, unprocessed foods that are marked as non-GMO or certified organic; chances are that one eats food that has been genetically modified. Up to eighty percent of food in stores in America are genetically modified. America pushes these foods and the biotech industry so intensely. But, are these foods truly safe? Many people don’t exactly know what a GMO is. A GMO is a genetically modified food. They are plants or seeds that have been changed genetically by scientist. Scientist do thisRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 Pagesengineering of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see me referring to Genetically ModifiedRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1203 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified organisms, sometimes known as GMO’s, are plants or animals that are created through the process of genetic engineering. Modified foods are often viewed as a valuable solution to ending world hunger, because they take less time to produce into larger crops. The use of gmos have increased in recent years,because they can grow bigger and faster than regular fruits and vegetables in much harsher environments.Also have seem to sustain and fight off many of the pests that have troubledRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1553 Words   |  7 Pages Genetically Modified foods are made when genetic material from the DNA of one species of a plant’s genes is extracted and forced i nto the genes of different plants in a laboratory. Everything that is living is made of billions of cells. Inside each of these cells there is a nucleus that contains DNA. DNA is what carries the genetic information that the organisms on from one generation to another have to make a new organism and keep it functional. Genes are made of DNA. They make up the parts

Fashion Street Style in Korea - 2193 Words

Street style in South Korea: Individualism or Collectivism? Introduction For the scope of this paper, I am focusing on how South Korean urbanites view fashion as a means of expression and how fashion reflects the values of the Korean urban society. Based on my preliminary observations, I have noticed that Korea has a very distinct street style. I have observed that majority of the people on the streets dress in a similar fashion. Unlike in western societies where street style tends to be more varied and unique to the individual, conformity and similarity seems to be the main focal point in Korea. I am therefore interested to find out what exactly drives this phenomenon in Korea? How does the collectivistic culture of the Korean society†¦show more content†¦In order to distinguish themselves from the inferior classes, the bourgeoisie will create new fashion styles, which leads to spiraling process of creation and imitation. (Kawamura, 2005: 5) Fashion therefore, is a form of social regulation that distinguishes people according to their roles in society. Similar to this perspective, Fashion is also viewed as an ideology that is supported by fashion institutions. The fashion institutions create new fashion trends and disseminate them onto the mass population through runways and fashion shows. The people will only continue to consume fashion if they believe in the ideology propagated by these fashion institutes. Hence, fashion is a myth - one that has to be constantly sustained by the larger institutions and supported by the people. (Kawamura, 2005: 43) Cultural Perspective From the cultural perspective, the fashion industry is an image-producing industry in which the production involves a manufactured process from conception on paper by the designer, creation of the dress, to mass production and dissemination of the dress. At each stage of production, a collective of players in the industry will input their ideas and shape the product for it to be accepted by the players in the next stage of production. Such is the production of Fashion, which involves the creative collaboration andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Of Online Shopping For Fashion1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Online shopping for fashion started off well in South Korea due to the convenience and comfort of home, especially for young women. The fashion market in South korea is saturated with fast fashion at affordable pricing. Soo-Hee Kim, founder of StyleNanda, saw the chance to provide vibrant and unique fashion clothing to young women, thus StyleNanda started out online in 2005. A) Business market of StyleNanda Customer base: Demographics The age range of StyleNanda’s customer baseRead More An Interview With a Korean-American on Cultural Differences Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities between these countries. [BAGLEY] This is Ben Bagley, and Im going to interview Theresa Han about Korea. Could you introduce yourself? [HAN] My name is Theresa Han, Im from South Korea, Im 18 years old, and Im a freshman in College. [BAGLEY] How long have you lived in America? [HAN] I think a little bit less than 3 years. [BAGLEY] Where did you live in Korea? [HAN] I lived in Pyoung Tek, Its right below Oosan, where the American Air force is located. [BAGLEY]Read MoreTaking a Look at the Primark Profile1332 Words   |  5 Pagesfood processing company ABF. Primark is first opened in June 1969 in Mary Street (Dublin). It became appreciable that more stores are needed and another four were added to the chain. Further extensionand success in Ireland command the move to the United Kingdom, when a large store was opened in 1971 in Belfast city center before opening 4 stores out of town in England in 1973. Derby and Bristol were the first high street stores. Competition is that of Primark sells clothes at the budget end ofRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents would use language for real-life situations. This provides a more functional approach where the students can learn to solve problems, talk about current affairs and make comparisons. In an English as Foreign Language (EFL) situation like Korea where learners have minimum exposure to their target languages, students need more opportunities, effective materials and real-life situations in EFL because they barely use the target language outside of classroom. Due to this limitation, using authenticRead MorePop And Korean Pop Music Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesa popular subculture among teenagers and young adults throughout Asia, and has resulted in widespread simulation of fashion and style to be similar to Korean idol groups and singers. With this phenomenon comes something called the K-pop effect, which has led to new standards of beauty in South Korea. There is a rise in popularity of plastic surgery amongst, the youth in South Korea and it looks like the fresh faces of the Korean music stars are fueling their obsession. One of the major stereotypesRead MoreKorean Wave (Hallyu) in China2081 Words   |  9 Pagescraze for South Korean music, TV dramas, pop stars, but also for fashion styles, cosmetics and electronics. There are many reasons causing Korean wave being a popular mass culture in China. Korean wave spread so successful because of the Confucian themes that East Asian cultures are more familiar with, typically dealing with traditional issues such as family, love, and filial piety. China in particular share a similar history with Korea. Furthermore, Korean government propagates their modernizationRead MoreForever 211986 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Forever 21 is an American chain of fashion retailers with its headquarters in Los Angeles and sales of $3.7 billion in 2013. Forever 21 began as a 900 square foot store in Los Angeles in 1984, and has grown to sell their clothing lines Forever 21, XXI Forever, Love 21, and Heritage in over 600 stores in the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, and the UK. More than 60% of its apparel is manufactured in China and the average store size is 38,000 square feet. According to Adrienne TennantRead MoreThe s Concept Of Cultural Odor And Fragrance And Girls Generation, And Nicki Minaj1281 Words   |  6 Pagespopular female groups in America. They stylized hair, make-up, and fashion, alike the U.S. feminine signers, such as the Supremes and the Crystals. They sing the song in English, Korean, and Spanish, perform the Latin style dance in groups, and use the Western instrument, a xylophone, in their performance. The U.S. femininity was the only acceptable gender sexuality during the time, thus, in mono-direction, from America to Korea, Kim Sisters adapted American female sexualities. Interestingly, WonderRead MoreRetail Market And Financial Strategy1522 Words   |  7 Pagescompany’s edge over its competitors. I will explain how the company’s fast fashion retail is becoming a threat to other companies with the same type of products such as Zara and HM. These companies should be worried because Forever 21 is faster and cheaper, it s expanding its consumer base, and it s fighting with the competitors head on. I will discuss exactly how Forever 21 is planning on being the number one fast fashion retailer in years to come, and how the placement of the stores is an importantRead MoreH M : A Retail Store1541 Words   |  7 Pagesto locations like Asia, South Korea, Israel, and Turkey. Today, HM is fast and bigger than ever, with 3,900 operating stores in over 50 countries and online shopping in over 10 countries (Hoovers, 2015). HM now sales apparel from women, men and children and has their own line of cosmetics. The just began selling home interior at HM Home They now had their own mobile app, website, and multiple stores for consumers to be able to multichannel shop. The offer fashions from HM, COS, Monki, Weekday

Personal Protective Equipment in Safety and Health free essay sample

This involves imposing a barrier (physical barrier or distance) between the hazard and the worker. Local and General Ventilation is used to dilute or divert toxic contaminants from the workers. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL Safe operating procedures (SOP), Shift work and training of workers can reduce the risk to the workers handling chemicals. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT If it is not possible to reduce chemical hazards to an acceptable level, by either elimination or guarding/isolation, the worker should be given certain protective equipment to prevent contact of the hazards with the body. This equipment forms a barrier between the toxic and the route of entry. Failure of equipment means immediate exposure to the hazard. Thus, personal protective equipment should not be regarded as a primary means to control hazards but rather as a supplement to other types of control measure. Injury will occur if hazards come into contact with our body, the degree of injury are depends on the magnititute of hazards and susceptibility of person. Protective clothing, gloves, apron, goggles and shoes – design to prevent absorption of chemical splash to the skin ? Safety helmet-to prevent from the sharp object falling on the head The effectiveness and efficiency of protection depends on proper use, maintenance and replacement of the PPE. If the PPE not used properly it can be more dangerous than not using as the worker would think that he is protected but in actual practice he is not protected. Factor to consider in the selection of PPE PPE should be carefully selected. The following criteria should be met when choosing PPE Give adequate protection against the specific hazard i. e right type and model ? Fit , minimum weight cause minimum discomfort and , if with attachment , it should be easily fitted and removed. ?Not restrict movement or sensory perception essential to the job ? Be easily worn and the eight to be supported by body ?Be durable and harmonious to the wear1`s culture and religion ? Not introduce additional hazards ?Be made to acceptable standards ?Be maintenance fee if possible, if maintenance is required , should be easily maintained ? Be replaced when necessary Used of respirators will prevent the entry of chemicals into the body by inhalation It is frequently used in industry where other forms of control are not practicable Type of respiratory protection : Are basically design to give protection against one or more of the following . †¢Contaminants in particulate forms †¢Contaminants in gaseous forms †¢Deficiency of oxygen With Full face mask or Half face mask Powered air is drawn through by a fan Non powered – air is drawn through by wearer inhalation Particulate filter come in various classes depending on their filtering efficiency. Gas filters are available for specific gases (e. g organic vapours, hydrogen, cyanide) Supplied air respirators (SARS) ?The air is supplied is not pressurized. It can be supplied by use of a fan , compressed air source or wearer inhalation. . ?The air supplied is pressurized and comes from a compressor or gas cylinder via an air line . Pressure is reduced prior to entering the respirator. ?The air is supplied from cylinders strapped to the wearer`s back Suppliers air respirators can have a negative pressure inside the face piece or a positive pressure. The positive types give a significantly higher evel of protection . Continuous flow types are also available for use with hoods. Protection factors This is a measure of the level of protection given by a respirator is defined as the ratio between the concentration of contaminant outside the respirator and the concentration inside the respirator(i. e the air breathed) Protection factor = ambient air concentration Concentration inhaled inside respirator For air purifying respirator it depends on the type of face mask and the efficiency of the filter. A full mask provide a higher level of protection than a half mask. For supplied air respirator it depends on pressure inside the mask(as well as the type of mask) . The protection factor is a major consideration when selecting a respirator. Selection of respirators; depends on:- †¢The contaminant †¢Task †¢Operator The contaminant i. The nature ,toxicity, physical form and concentration the contaminant, whether : particulate gas vapour or combination of both ii. whether failure of the device can result in a situation which is immediately dangerous to life and health. iii. The need to wear other personal protective equipment eg. Eye or skin protection to protect against irritants. iv. The adequacy of warning given by the contaminant v. The possibility of the contaminated atmosphere being flammable. Task. i. whether the device is for regular use for emergency or rescue purposes. ii. The probable length of time during which the wearer will be in the contaminated atmosphere. iii. The expected level of activity and mobility required of the wearer. iv. The access to and nature of the working environment and its location with respect to a source of air suitable for breathing. v. Vision and communication requirements. vi. Maintenance requirement. Operator factor †¢Basic physiology †¢Facial fit †¢User acceptance Fit testing is an important part of the selection process, particularly when the respirator design relies on a good seal. A range of respirators may need to be tried to fit individuals with different facial characteristics. Facial air can also reduce the effectiveness of seal significantly. Recognised test methods are available for initial fit testing. These are to design to detect or measure the amount of leakage around the seal of the respirator. Fit testing must be carried out when first issuing a respirator to a worker. Crude test (such as covering the openings and taking a vigorous breath) can be used in the field to check fit. Maintenance and storage All respirator (other than disposable types) need cleaning , maintenance and storage. Inhalation and exhalation valves need checking and replacement as do straps. Seals need to be disinfected , cleaned and check for damage.

Luther man between God and the Devil

Introduction The preface to Luther by Heiko A. Oberman gives the reader a sneak preview of what to expect while reading the book. In his opening sentence however, Oberman warns the reader that discovering Luther is something that cannot fit within the confine of scholarship exposition. To understand Luther however, Oberman notes that people must be ready to leave behind their views about the world and life.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Luther: man between God and the Devil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because Luther’s world was different from what the contemporary man knows; the church had so much power that it was equated to heaven, while the emperor’s represented the â€Å"powers of heaven† (xix). Reading through the book, one gets the impression that Oberman shares in the religious and spiritual issues that he documents about Luther having gone through. He relates the Luther experiences and discoveries both in terms of emotional and physical struggles as the same as what people in the contemporary society face. In the preface, one gets the impression that Oberman does not give religion or the state of the society as much weight as a factor that affected Luther’s life. This is made clear by the phrase, â€Å"It is not the Catholic, protestant or modern Luther we are looking for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (xix). He however acknowledges that â€Å"we† will encounter religions and society’s state in the course of reading the book. The use of â€Å"we† in preface gives the reader the impression that he/she is not alone in discovering Luther. Oberman makes himself part of the journey too. The dying scene The main body of Oberman’s books starts with the dying scene where Luther is being attended by the â€Å"Reverend father†. It was February 18, 1546 when Luther Died. Before his death, Luther went through some final te sting where witnesses were summoned by his friend Justus Jonas just to confirm that Luther had â€Å"died steadfast in Christ and the doctrines that he had preached† (3). Oberman notes that Luther had always prayed that he would always be able to resist the devil to the very end believing that resisting Satan, who is branded as the ultimate and bitterest enemy to human kind would be his ultimate liberation from the tyranny posed by sin. Oberman also notes that Luther believed that a trust in God convinced him that the agony that he suffered in his life would be nothing more than brief blow upon his death (3).Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Liberal thinking Oberman further succeeds in portraying Luther as a person who had his own way of thinking. As indicated in the book, the author narrates that Luther adjusted his time with benchmarks rather than tolerance , enlightenment, modernity or progress to determine time. In order to understand Luther therefore, Oberman suggests that â€Å"we† need to read Luther’s history with a non-conventional perspective (12). Luther’s influence on the politics of the day seems to have been known to him more than anyone else. In one scene for example, Oberman states that Luther knew he posed a risk to the policy in Saxony. Since he did not want to break the sovereign’s freedoms that would be contained in political actions, he made the Saxony’s elector an attractive proposal that if accepted would have seen him leave the land (22). In a bid to stop Luther from leaving, the elector summoned him and promised to take a neutral position, while granting Luther the academic freedoms necessary to discuss scriptural questions with his students without any hindrances. Yet, Luther’s affair with the law was not always smooth. In 1520 for example, Pope Leo announced a condition al excommunication to Luther based on his works, which the pope defined as â€Å"heretical, offensive and false† (Oberman 22). The pope however gave Luther 60 days to submit a response. Luther however could do nothing like that and finally in 1521, the Pope signed the excommunication letter, hoping that it had finally settled the troubles that arose from Luther. Luther’s supporters argued that the excommunication was motivated by the fact that the church could not stand reformation, yet a time for the same in the church was long overdue (Oberman 24). Reformist, teacher, doctor or preacher? Oberman’s book further notes that Luther’s influence on reformation would have ended sooner were it not for the death of Emperor Maximilian I in 1519. Before the death of the emperor, the Elector Cajetan in Saxon had done a lot to protect Luther. However, his protection of Luther stood no chance of surviving a final decision by the Papacy in Rome. Luckily however, the d eath of the emperor created a political upheaval in succession, which for a fair amount of time shifted attention from the Luther question.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Luther: man between God and the Devil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The controversy between the Germans and the Papacy regarding Luther was clear as one end held that no one could be placed under a ban without being accorded a suitable hearing, while the other side maintained that Luther was under an automatic ban due to his incorrigible and notorious heretics (Oberman 36). While the Papal attracted critics, Oberman portrays Luther as having gained more public support especially from his writings which criticized how cases were â€Å"nipped in the bud† when they were tried in the imperial, papal or local courts (36). Having argued that no one deserved being banned without being given fair hearing, the Germans succeeded in convincing the Papacy to grant Luther a hearing. In 1521 therefore, Luther appeared before the Bishop’s court sought to find the reality about the accusations of heretics placed on Luther. During the hearing, Oberman portrays Luther as a tactical and knowledgeable person who refused to answer non-specific questions. Asked whether he recognized the books written in his name as his own work, Luther sought to have the books mentioned individually (38). According to Oberman, the mentioning of the books served to dispense the notion that Luther was a â€Å"stupid monk† to anyone in the court room who may have held that idea. Asked whether he could recant, Luther requested the court to give him time to think. On his return the following day, his answer was an indirect one. He said that his books were neither polemical nor sharp. He stated that his writing addressed the Christian faith and life as directed by the gospel. To this end, he stated that not even the opponents woul d find anything objectionable in the books. About the books that addressed the Papacy, Luther told the court that he had addressed how the papal office had ruined the church, weighed the human conscience down and oppressed the empire. He therefore argued that he could not renounce anything he had written in his books because by doing so, he would be encouraging tyranny.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By recounting this episode, Oberman portrays Luther as a person who stood steadfast with what he believed in regardless of whether he had the support from others or not. In a documented recounting of the proceeding that took place in the hearing, Luther is portrayed as a watchful person who not only realized that the hearing was not intended to gather information, but rather to accept the anticipated recantation by Luther or uphold the ban. Since the hearing was made of Germans, Luther argued that instead of acting independently, the Germans had acted childishly, allowing themselves to be fooled by the Romans. Oberman observes that though Luther’s evaluation of how the interrogation was conducted was indeed valid, he (Luther) was wrong about the Germans acting childishly. Oberman argues that no where in western Christendom would people find it politically viable to protect a seemingly rebellious monk against extradition from Rome. More so, obtaining a public hearing like what the Germans did for Luther who was perceived by Rome as a notorious heretic was also unusual. According to Oberman therefore, the same Germans who Luther has termed â€Å"follies† had kept his issue alive in such a long time such that the ban imposed by Rome was stifled (Oberman 40). Oberman’s book gives a clear picture of Luther’s attack on Rome and the papacy and gives the reader the actions that made Luther such a bitter person against the actions of Rome. At some point in the book, Luther is quoted saying that every person in Rome had gone crazy and â€Å"†¦had become inane fools and the devils† (Oberman 43). His reason for such strong wording about Romans was the fact that they had accepted the information passed by the church in Rome in that time, which Luther referred to as lies, which were being passed on as truths. According to Luther, Rome was the devil’s gateway to the church, yet, Christ sought representation through people who we re willing to work, preach, suffer and die. Instead however, the office of the Pope which was supposed to act as the servant of Christ leading the way for the church followers had become the â€Å"ruler of rulers† (Oberman 43). Reading this book however, one not only identifies the character of Luther, but also Oberman’s character as well. For instance, by making the devil a central agenda in his biography of Luther, one gets the impression that Oberman shared the convictions that Luther had about good and evil. One also gets the impression that not only does Oberman find the justification for a faith in Christianity, but he also finds â€Å"a new belief in the devil† (104). Surprisingly, Luther and Oberman are from different centuries. Luther was from the middle ages, while Oberman just wrote the book in the 19th century. Yet Oberman’s writing succeeds in portraying the devil not as a medieval residue, but an astonishingly modern reality. Oberman specifi cally portrays Luther’s role giving the reader a new understanding of Satan’s role in a person’s life. Through Luther’s believes and discoveries regarding Satan, Oberman gives the reader a few insights about how Satan allegedly operates. For example, as opposed to what many people may think; holiness and sanctity does not necessarily mean that the devil is absent. According to Luther, acts of Christianity which include preaching the gospels, people gathering to hear God’s word and other things that Christians do in order to strengthen their faiths provoke Satan to attack Christians even more. Luther also notes that in an attempt to ‘mislead’ Christians, the devil ties people down to religiosity. To this, Oberman adds that one is entangle in self devout analysis. He thus concluded that the ideals of divinization, perfection and holiness are Satan’s way of misleading the Christian faithful. Unlike a person who seeks Christ because he or she is â€Å"filthy and sinful†, Oberman notes that those who think they are divine, perfect or holy do not see the need to do so. Oberman is also successful in drawing a distinction between modern Protestantism and what Luther believed. Most notably, Oberman documents the high regard that Luther had for the sacraments. Despite his protests against the act of the Catholic Church and the papacy, Luther is quoted as having said â€Å"I am undeserving, but I rely on the faith of the church- or of another believer. Whatever my situation, O Lord, I must be obedient to your church, which bids me to go to communion. If I bring you nothing else, at least I bring you this Obedience† (Oberman 242). Further distinction between modern Protestantism and what Luther believed is portrayed by Oberman as his demand that Christians go to confession at least once annually. To this, Luther stated that instead of people approaching the sacraments with fear and humility, they should have faith and be confident when taking part in the sacraments. Through abandoning humility and fear and embracing faith and confidence, Luther argued that people would stop seeking worthiness, since no one could be worthy before God. Luther’s stand about the sacrament did not go unchallenged. Oberman notes that the Swiss for example questioned the profit that people got from assuming that Christ’s flesh was represented in the Holy Communion, while Christ himself had dismissed the flesh as having no profit. Further the Swiss questioned Luther how obedience can replace insufficient faith. With no clear answers from Luther regarding these questions, the Swiss branded Luther a neo-papist and a captive of the middle ages (Oberman 242). As a reformist, Oberman portrays Luther as a person who attracted more foes in high ranking positions than was prudent to do at that day and age. For example, he challenged the supremacy of the papacy and the mandate given to councils. Thoug h he acknowledged that the pope deserved respect as the bishop of Rome, while the papacy deserved being held in high regard especially because it was an institution created by agreeing people, he said that neither the pope nor the papacy deserved to serve as the standard of obedience. Instead, the Gospel should be used as the measure of obedience (Oberman 246). Oberman once again portrays Luther as a person who had a firm believe in himself and the things he did. For example, while his friends tried to dissuade him from publicly questioning the authority that the pope and the papacy office had on Christianity, Luther rendered an account based of St. Peter who the pope is modeled after. To this, he said that though Peter had a prime and honorary position among other apostles, his position did not give him any legal supremacy or authority to â€Å"make, send, govern or ordain other apostles† (Oberman 247). Oberman also portrays Luther as a man who believed that the institutions in the church should have been formed under the guidance of the Gospel. This he suggested should have been the case if people adhered to the gospel adequately instead of depending on heresy. According to Oberman, Luther insisted that the unwavering theology of the cross of Christ could not support either catholic-subjectivism or the protestant individualism. Rather, true theology would further unity in Christianity regardless of the denominations and would thus succeed in letting people know the need to heed God’s commandments. A reoccurring image of Luther throughout the book is that of unwavering and often fearless man. One gets the impression that Luther knew the possible implications of his words and actions but still chose to criticize or point out the evils that bedeviled the society mainly because the church then refused to play its rightful role and instead chose to engage in power games and governance. In 1519 for example when his ties with Rome were still intact, O berman observes that Luther said that the church â€Å"was an accumulation if schisms† (249). When the church in Rome finally excommunicated him, he burned the canon law and the bull of the pope to show his rapprochement. This was seen by some as the final act of revolt that Luther had started in 1517. Oberman notes that attempts by those opposed to Luther’s action to brand him a Hussite failed. Hussites had previously waged war against the Catholic Church and labeling Luther as one would no doubt would have cost him some support. Luther is however portrayed as a person who would have cared less about the labels that his opponents gave him. Luther is also portrayed as a person who attached meaning to his dreams. In Oberman’s account, it is stated that Luther had Utopian and devilish dreams, which he quickly recognized as traps set by Satan. In his interpretation, Satan conjured up images of purity for people and then encouraged them to understand the evil contai ned in their words, actions or thoughts (64-66). The reformation Oberman starts the chapter on reformation breakthrough by creating the Luther that people would have expected to see. Having become a doctor of theology, Oberman states that Luther was now in the same ranks as some stupid monks who spent their time arguing about nothing in specific. The monks perceived themselves as guardians of the proper doctrine and piety, yet, they were barely able to â€Å"count their own toes† (151). Oberman therefore portrays Luther as a truth seeker therefore contradicts public expectation of what the learned theologians of his time were used to doing. Oberman credits the reformist ideas of Luther to the fact that he (Luther) encouraged people not only to agree to the idea that God is just, but rather seek him with their entire beings, which included their thoughts and actions; bodies and souls; and suffering and love. Oberman also observes that the search for salvation as championed by Luther suggested that all people; whether educated or not could engage in the same exercise. Still, Oberman portrays Luther who did not allow his understanding of theology to alter his perspective or raise his voice to critique the medieval theologians who were regarded as authorities at that point in history. Central to the reformist ideas of Luther as noted by Oberman was Vicar General Staupitz. The latter is credited by Luther for â€Å"first of all being my father in this doctrine, and having given birth [to me] in Christ† (Oberman 152). Having introduced Luther into the doctrine, Oberman’s book indicates that Staupitz gave him a longing to seek the reality of the principles therein from the scripture. Still, not everything in the scriptures made perfect sense to Luther. More specifically, Oberman quotes Romans 1:17, as a scripture written by the St. Paul as an obstacle that Luther struggled with. The scripture reads: â€Å"For therein [in the gospel] is the right eousness of God revealed† (Oberman 152). During his study of the scriptures however, Luther appear to have come as one thing as the absolute truth; that God’s righteousness is the eternal law through which all men and women will be judged on doomsday. According to Oberman, the righteousness of God is not distributed to humankind like talents; rather, it put men who are willing to abide by God’s teaching in a position where they can attain righteousness. Luther’s discovery about God righteousness however suggests that it is united with Christ’s righteousness, further confirming that Jesus Christ and God the father are one. According to Oberman, Luther’s ability to think originally gave him the reformist qualities. More so, he was willing to test the discoveries he made while studying the scriptures against the prevailing laws used by the church. Luther’s discovert about the righteousness of God was unheard of during his time. He used it to discredit the doctrine of good works as championed by the church and to human action; he discredits the reward and merit ideals which were at the time the main motivators for human action (156). According to Oberman, tribulations and struggles make the true life of a theologian as opposed to speculation or philosophizing. Notably however, Luther’s experiences as a reformist reduce the fears, hopes, successes and struggles to two stages: 1) a desperate monk; and 2) the self-confident reformer. Oberman however notes that Luther astounds scholars because his works seems to have taken some form of systemic research, from which drew conclusions and finally delved into the world of reform. Accordingly, Luther’s reformist ideas were drawn from lesson from St. Augustine and St. Paul. After seeking a deep understanding of the scripture, he indulged in conflict with the pontifical church through logical accusations and arguments. Luther’s reformist role is not only co vered by Oberman alone. Other writers like Levi et al (259-284) have included Luther among the reformers who contributed schismatic solutions towards the renaissance and reformation. Luther’s Death Oberman gives the reader the impression that Luther’s death was not only waited by Luther himself, but his adversaries too. Most notably was Johannes Cochlaeus who first wrote about Luther. Unlike Oberman however, Cochlaeus did not have any kind words for Luther. He instead denounced him as the devil’s spawn that is portrayed in the Bible as the seven-headed dragon. What no one could not establish beyond Luther’s death however was whether his soul was taken by the devil or whether God rewarded it by taking it to everlasting happiness as Luther all along wished for in his life. Their books takes special note of the role that the reformist idea played in Germany at a time when Rome had taken the reigns of power in Europe through the office of the papacy and the p ope as the power figure. In this book however, one gets the idea that Luther’s ideas only set ablaze the feelings about Rome that had simmering in Europe and especially Germany. In an effort to solve the mystery of who between God and the Devil took Luther’s soul, Oberman’s book (3) gives an account of how simple believers and people in the academic world sought to establish the truth. The not-so-informed believers simply imagined that whoever was fast would snatch Luther’s soul first. The academic scholars on the other hand argued that a descent into hell could be easily diagnosed medically. According to their argument, Luther’s death would have been abrupt if the devil took his soul because, â€Å"the devil [would have] snipped the thread of life†¦, thus leaving the church unable to render its last assistance† (Oberman 3). As such, they argued that Luther’s slow death meant that he had commended his soul into the hands of God. Initially, Oberman (4) succeeds in portraying Luther as a patient, understanding and cheerful man who understood the reality of death in such a way that many men would have difficulties doing. More specifically, he describes how Luther knowing his death was imminent chose to spend his last days in his birth place in Eisleben where he mediated a protracted battle between two brothers. Weeks before his death, Luther is portrayed as a patient man who despite his despise for lawyers, spent hours sitting between the two parties trying to mediate them. Oberman also succeeds in portraying Luther as a man who had the nerve to accept that the inevitable death was eventually going to catch up with him. He even seems to have made fun of the fact that in death, he â€Å"would lie down in [his] coffin and give the worms a fat doctor to feast to on.†(5). Oberman also portray Luther as a man who had a firm believes in life after death although he did not state it as a fact. Rather, he said that â€Å"it was very likely† that people’s spirits in heaven would be renewed. He however stated that it was also likely that man’s spirit and body would remain undetached for people who would end up in hell (5). How closely Luther’s friends associated him with a man of God is evident when the news were first broken to his friend Melanchthon. Struggling for control and struggling to get the right words to break the news about Luther’s death to his students, Melanchthon used a phrase used to describe Prophet Elijah’s death. He told his students that the â€Å"charioteer of Israel has fallen† (Oberman 6). Having been the personality behind the evangelical movement and the reformation, Luther left a gap that had no immediate successor. To this end, Oberman manages to bring out the difference in tact between Prophet Elijah and Luther. Unlike Elija who had picked Elisha to be his successor, Luther had refrained from such a thing believin g that the Gospel would be strong enough to charge its own way (Oberman 7). Unfortunately, not every one shared in the Pope’s opinion. Conclusion Overall, reading about Luther gives one the impression that he was an argumentative, single-minded person, who hard an enormous amount of self confidence and believe. This characteristic mainly comes across because he did not waiver even when he faced opposition for his writings or spoken word. Being branded a heretic meant that he could face death by fire. Yet, even with controversies regarding his 95 theses raging, he could not renounce any of his written works or apologize for the same (Cep 5). He strongly believed that he had written the right thing and that apologizing for pinpointing the evils in the society would only lead to more tyranny. His writings and actions however led to his excommunication from the Catholic Church by Pope Leo and since Luther knew he could not reform the church from outside, he began the process of b uilding a new church (Cep 14). This marked the beginning of the protestant church, which was based on the concepts of freedom and liberty. According to Oberman, Luther never referred himself as the reformer; rather, he used the titles professor, preacher or doctor because he believed his role in Christendom was proclaiming the good works which were necessary for the survival of the real religion on the threatened world. Yet, Luther did not fail to have a fair share of shortcomings. Oberman notes that Luther, the ex-monk at some tome adopted the role of a new layman who was eager for the joys and pleasures that come with secular jobs. According to Brady, the new form of apocalypticism and worldliness that overtook Luther at some point meant that he became an alien to reformation (41). The progressive reformation that was as a result of Luther’s actions was far from his initial intention. Reading through Oberman’s account of Luther, it is clear that though Luther imagine d a world where the devil was forever pursuing God’s children, he adopted a sober view of Christianity and hence adopted a reformist role. Works Cited Brady, Thomas. The work of Heiko A. Oberman: papers from the symposium on his seventieth birthday. PA Netherlands: Brill Publishers, 2003. Print Cep, Casey. â€Å"The ecstasy is real†. The Harvard Book Review. Dec. 2008. Web. Levi, et al. Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis. New Haven, CT: Yale University press, 2004. Print. Oberman, Heiko. Luther: man between God and the Devil. California: The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group, 1992. Print. This critical writing on Luther: man between God and the Devil was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Definition and Examples of Critical Thinking

Definition and Examples of Critical Thinking Critical thinking is the process of independently analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information as a guide to behavior and beliefs. The American Philosophical Association has defined critical thinking as the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment. The process gives reasoned consideration to evidence, contexts, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria (1990). Critical thinking is sometimes broadly defined as thinking about thinking. Critical thinking skills include the ability to interpret, verify, and reason, all of which involve applying the principles of logic. The process of using critical thinking to guide writing is called critical writing. Observations Critical Thinking is essential as a tool of inquiry. As such, Critical Thinking is a liberating force in education and a powerful resource in one’s personal and civic life. While not synonymous with good thinking, Critical Thinking is a pervasive and self-rectifying human phenomenon. The ideal critical thinker is habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit.(American Philosophical Association, Consensus Statement Regarding Critical Thinking, 1990)Thought and LanguageIn order to understand reasoning [...], it is necessary to pay careful attention to the relationship between thought and language. The relationship seems to be straightforward: thought is expressed in and through language. But this claim, while true, is an oversimplification. People often fail to say what they mean. Everyone has had the experience of having their \ misunderstood by others. And we all use words not merely to express our thoughts but also to shape them. Developing our critical thinking skills, therefore, requires an understanding of the ways in which words can (and often fail to) express our thoughts.(William Hughes and Jonathan Lavery, Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills, 4th ed. Broadview, 2004) Dispositions That Foster or Impede Critical thinkingDispositions that foster critical thinking include [a] facility in perceiving irony, ambiguity, and multiplicity of meanings or points of view; the development of open-mindedness, autonomous thought, and reciprocity (Piagets term for the ability to empathize with other individuals, social groups, nationalities, ideologies, etc.). Dispositions that act as impediments to critical thinking include defense mechanisms (such as absolutism or primary certitude, denial, projection), culturally conditioned assumptions, authoritarianism, egocentrism, and ethnocentrism, rationalization, compartmentalization, stereotyping and prejudice.(Donald Lazere, Invention, Critical Thinking, and the Analysis of Political Rhetoric. Perspectives on Rhetorical Invention, ed. by Janet M. Atwill and Janice M. Lauer. University of Tennessee Press, 2002)Critical Thinking and Composing- [T]he most intensive and demanding tool for eliciting sustained critical thou ght  is a well-designed writing assignment on a subject matter problem. The underlying premise is that writing is closely linked with thinking and that in presenting students with significant problems to write about- and in creating an environment that demands their best writing- we can promote their general cognitive and intellectual growth. When we make students struggle with their writing, we are making them struggle with thought itself. Emphasizing writing and critical thinking, therefore, generally increases the academic rigor of a course. Often the struggle of writing, linked as it is to the struggle of thinking and to the growth of a persons intellectual powers, awakens students to the real nature of learning.(John C. Bean,  Engaging Ideas: The Professors Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical  Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom, 2nd ed. Wiley, 2011)- Finding a fresh approach to a writing assignment means that you must see the subject without the blinders of preconception. When people expect to see a thing in a certain way, it usually appears that way, whether or not that is its true image. Similarly, thinking based on prefabricated ideas produces writing that says nothing new, that offers nothing important to the reader. As a writer, you have a responsibility to go beyond the expected views and present your subject so that the reader sees it with fresh eyes. . . .[C]ritical thinking is a fairly systematic method of defining a problem and synthesizing knowledge about it, thereby creating the perspective you need to develop new ideas. . . .Classical rhetoricians used a series of three questions to help focus an argument. Today these questions can still help writers understand the topic about which they are writing. An sit? (Is the problem a fact?); Quid sit (What is the definition of the problem?); and Quale sit? (What kind of problem is it?). By asking these questions, writers see their subject from many new angles before they begin to narrow the focus to one particular aspect.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991) Logical Fallacies Ad Hominem Ad Misericordiam Amphiboly Appeal to Authority Appeal to Force Appeal to Humor Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to the People Bandwagon Begging the Question Circular Argument Complex Question Contradictory Premises Dicto Simpliciter, Equivocation False Analogy False Dilemma Gamblers Fallacy Hasty Generalization Name-Calling Non Sequitur Paralepsis Poisoning the Well Post Hoc Red Herring Slippery Slope Stacking the Deck Straw Man Tu Quoque